Before-and-After Assessment of Per Capita Income: Poverty Status among Agricultural Cooperative Members

Abstract

Agricultural cooperatives are substantial in enhancing the livelihood of rural people and alleviating poverty in the developing countries. This paper aims to make before-and-after assessment of per capita income among agricultural cooperative members to determine their poverty status in the Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City of Makawanpur District, Nepal. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. It was conducted using primary data that were collected through structured questionnaire in 2025 from five agricultural cooperatives. A total of 123 members were randomly selected from a population of 180 participants. The analysis of household welfare changes with before and after strategy was based on indicators like per capita income, per capita expenditure, membership period and household size.